Hypothetical Cyber Warfare Scenario between China and The Philippines - 1100 Words

Hypothetical Cyber Warfare Scenario between China and The Philippines (Essay Sample) Content: Name of Student: Name of Instructor: Course: Date: Hypothetical Cyber Warfare Scenario between China and The Philippines With the suspected presence of oil in the disputed Spratly Islands, China has been positioning itself in readiness for potential clashes with other interested parties such as the Philippines, a state that claims ownership of the disputed islands, and the United States, the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s superpower keen on ensuring that China does not mistreat smaller nations involved in the conflict. But as shown below, China and the Philippines engage in a cyber-war that destroys so much on both sides and attracts the involvement of other nations only for the disputed islands to be declared devoid of oil. Like morning mist on a sunny day, the chaos disappears with the dispute unsettled. The cyber war between China and the Philippines starts with; China attacks the manila stock exchange, the central bank monitoring systems, and military defense system and government computers with a bombardment of malware containing the map of the contested Scarborough shoal islands. With the help of other specialists working closely with other international cyber specialists who are sympathetic to the Philippines, the Philippines launches retaliatory attacks at the Chinese government websites using worms and other forms of malware aimed at shutting down all functions run by the Chinese government. Despite the well-planned and executed nature of the counter-attack by the Philippines, Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s alert cyber warriors raise firewalls that stop all malware from the Philippines. They also identify the origin; issue a public statement accusing the U.S of helping the Philippines attack China, and promises to present the case to the United Nations Security Council. But even w ith all the noise, China launches a heavy attack on all websites in the Philippines. The outcome expected is that the Philippines will grind to a standstill. But having experienced a first attack and asked for help, the Philippines manage to ward off the Chinese attack. China is aware of the possibility that the Philippines are responsible but it has no proof. Legal action is therefore not possible and military strike on the Philippines is not acceptable by the international community. China decides to move a step higher in the cyber war by secretly infecting computers used by the government so that all the computers can shut down at one time in a way that cannot allow these computers to be cleaned of the viruses. With the Philippines enjoying the success of its last cyber-attack on the Chinese military website, their guard is down and by the time China launches its viruses on the Philippines, there is no adequate protection. The result is that all computers shut down and the Philippines government cannot carry out its functions. In an apparent escalation, China dispatches fighter jets and naval ships to the disputed island. This is followed by a clandestine attack of the Chinese military website by the Philippines, an attack that turns out to be very successful. For thirty six hours, the Chinese army operates without a website. China then plans another strike on the Philippines military and by the time a warning is issued by the US; Chinese operatives have already destroyed sea floor surveillance vessels as well as other naval ships belonging to the Philippines. This is done with the help of malware that corrupts the shipsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ computers causing malfunctioning. The Chinese launch more attacks and are able to shut down manila`s power grid leaving the whole country in darkness. In the face of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apparent upper hand in the cyber war, the United States Secretary of State makes a public statement declaring that by attacking the Philippines, China is threatening its national security interests. The United States secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, issues a public statement accusing China of aggression towards the Philippines, spells out policy related to national security and national interest. There is a promise to the Philippines that all necessary support will be availed. On its part, China states that the Islands in question are owned by the Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Republic of China and will not cede even a single step. It is at this point that four warships and a nuclear submarine are dispatched to the disputed island. By this time, Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s only functional warship is already at the disputed waters with the Philippines also sending its naval forces to protect its interests. The US sends a team of cyber experts to help the Philippines government reorganize its networks. At the same time, a stern warning is sent from the US to China that dire consequences await the country if it keeps on using secretive, unnecessary, and unjustified means to attack the Philippines. The naval standoff continues with both the American war ships and the Chinese standing on high alert but no shots are fired. On the other hand cyber warfare continues causing considerable damages on both sides. Both countries remain adamant and refuse to cede ground, even a single inch. International pressure builds against China and the U.S...

Arab Women in the Middle East and Diaspora - 825 Words

Arab Women in the Middle East and Diaspora (Essay Sample) Content: Arab Women in the Middle East and Diaspora Name Institution Anthropology: Arab women in the Middle East and Diaspora Introduction The world comprises of a rich mixture of people from different cultural backgrounds. The comparative study of the different human societies, their cultures, and their development process over time is the general scope of this paper, under the broad topic, anthropology. The paper narrows down to the anthropology of Arab women in the Middle East and Diaspora. Further, three concepts have been chosen for discussion in this essay in regard to the Arab women. The concepts are gender, ethnography, and feminism. Gender Gender is defined as the social and cultural characteristics that distinguish men and women ("Genderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 2016). The roles that men and women play vary from one society to another (Naber, 2012). Some societies regard women as inferior to men when it comes to political matters. Women are therefore denied an opportunity to participate fully in politics that shape their societies. The issue of gender inequality arises from the basic structure of a social setting, the family. In some societies, the girl-child is not educated but rather left to do home chores while the boys go to school. The lack of education among girls denies them equal opportunities with the boys when it comes to employment. Education is thus a necessary tool to bridge the gap of gender empowerment. Ethnography One of the aspects of anthropology is ethnography. The term refers to the practice of researchers spending a relatively long time within a culture in order to study it ("Ethnographyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 2016). Unlike research methods such as interviews, ethnographers take their time to gather first-hand information about a particular culture. The study of cultures is important as it helps ethnographers and different people to understand how other cultures live, how they interact, and why they live the way they do. A good understanding of different cultural structures is essential in minimizing the tendency to stereotype people from other cultures based on their practices and beliefs. Feminism Feminism is the belief that women should be given the same rights, power, and opportunities as men ("Feminismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 2016). The concept of feminism is correlated to the issue of gender balance. As advocated for in the gender concept, the female gender needs empowerment in order to compete fairly with the male gender. The social structure has numerous opportunities that women can exploit. The only way to turn the concept of feminism into reality is by empowering women and giving them the platform to exercise their potential. Gender, ethnography, and feminism The three concepts are related and are closely observed in any given society. When ethnographers set out to study the culture of a society, the focus is only how men and women handle different affairs. Therefore, ethnography covers the gender concept. In cases where the role of women and their position in the socio-cultural and political structure is reviewed, the concept of feminism comes in. Gender, ethnography, and feminism in the ethnography of Arab women in the Middle East and Diaspora One of the most popular female ethnographers, Lila Abu-Lughod, spent time studying the everyday lives of individual families living in Egyptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s North West coast. In her book, Writing Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Worlds, Abu-Lughod challenges public misconception against women of the Muslim Middle East. Further, the ethnographer seeks to prove the Western feminists wrong in their assumption that defining patriarchy is a simple matter (Abu-Lughod, 1999). In summary, her study gathers evidence that there is an existing misconception towards work by women, in particular, feminist ethnographies. Women of the Middle East are often sidelined in matters politics. The sentiment is borrowed from the book: Women and Power in the Middle East, written by ethnographers Joseph and Slyomovics. The ethnographers note that there is apparent gender domination of women by men in the Middle East and North Africa. Not only do women get controlled by men, but also by their respective families, communities, and the state. However, the rise of capitalism has reduced the intensity of control over women (Joseph Slyomovics, 2011). Muslim women need deliverance from societies which limit their freedom regarding mode of dressing. Most Middle East countries enforce the compulsory custom of covering their heads, commonly known as veiling. Abu-Lughod (2013), notes that there are different ways of marking a womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s propriety other than a particular mode of dressing. However, the mode of dressing ...